Massive stars are those larger than about 10 times the mass of the sun and are born far less often than their low-mass counterparts. However, they contribute the most to the evolution of star clusters and galaxies. Massive stars are the precursors of many vivid and energetic phenomena in the universe, including enriching their surroundings in supernova explosions and altering the dynamics of their systems.
The best tool to study massive stars are detailed stellar evolution codes: computer programs that calculate both the interior structure and the evolution of these stars. Unfortunately, detailed codes are computationally expensive and time-consuming—it can take several hours to compute the evolution of just a single star. For this reason, it’s impractical to use these codes for modeling stars in complex systems such as globular star clusters, which can contain millions of interacting stars.
To address this problem, a team of scientists led by the ARC Center of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav) developed a stellar evolution code called METhod of Interpolation for Single Star Evolution (METISSE). Interpolation is a method for estimating a quantity based on nearby values, such as estimating the size of a star based on the sizes of stars with similar masses. Via interpolation, METISSE quickly calculates the properties of a star at any instant by using selected stellar models computed with detailed stellar evolution codes.
Lightning fast, METISSE can evolve 10,000 stars in less than three minutes. Most importantly, it can use sets of stellar models to predict the properties of stars—this is extremely important for massive stars. Massive stars are rare, and their complex and short lives make it difficult to calculate their properties. Consequently, detailed stellar evolution codes often have to make assumptions while computing the evolution of these stars. The differences in the assumptions used by different stellar evolution codes can significantly impact their predictions about the lives and the properties of the massive stars.
In their recently published study, the OzGrav researchers used METISSE with two sets of state-of-the-art stellar models: one computed by the Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics (MESA), and the other by the Bonn Evolutionary Code (BEC).
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Poojan Agrawal, OzGrav researcher and the study’s lead author, explains: “We interpolated stars that were between nine and 100 times the mass of the sun and compared the predictions for the final fates of these stars. For most massive stars in our set, we found that the masses of the stellar remnants (neutron stars or black holes) can vary by up to 20 times the mass of our sun.”
When the stellar remnants merge, they create gravitational waves—ripples in space and time—that scientists can detect. Therefore, this study’s results will have a huge impact on future predictions in gravitational wave astronomy.
Agrawal adds: “METISSE is just the first step in uncovering the part massive stars play in stellar systems such as star clusters, and already, the results are very exciting.”
Explore furtherWhat happens before a star explodes and dies: New research on ‘pre-supernova’ neutrinos.
More information: Poojan Agrawal et al. The fates of massive stars: exploring uncertainties in stellar evolution with metisse, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (2020). DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa2264Journal information:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical SocietyProvided by ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery
Image: This artist’s impression of different mass stars; from the smallest “red dwarfs”, weighing in at about 0.1 solar masses, to massive “blue” stars weighing around 10 to 100 solar masses. While red dwarfs are the most abundant stars in the Universe, it’s the massive blue stars that contribute the most to the evolution of stars clusters and galaxies.
Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser
